Specific Radiation Sources

Nuclear Power Operations

Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Nuclear Power Operations (40 CFR Part 190)

These standards limit radiation releases and doses to the public from the normal operation (non-emergency) of nuclear power plants and other uranium fuel cycle facilities.

40 CFR Part 190: Rule Review and Background Documents

Spent Nuclear Fuel, High Level, and Transuranic Wastes

Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Management and Disposal of Spent Fuel, High Level and Transuranic Wastes (40 CFR Part 191)

This regulation sets environmental standards for the disposal of spent nuclear fuelspent nuclear fuelFuel that has been withdrawn from a nuclear reactor after use. It is still highly radioactive., high-level wastes and transuranictransuranicElements with atomic numbers higher than uranium (92). For example, plutonium and americium are transuranics. radioactive wastes.

Uranium Mill Wastes

Health and Environmental Protection Standards for Health and Environmental Protection Standards for Uranium and Thorium Mill Tailings (40 CFR Part 192)

This regulation sets standards for the protection of the public health, safety and the environment from radiological and non-radiological hazards associated with uranium and thorium ore processing, and disposal of associated wastes. In January 2017, EPA proposed revisions to 40 CFR 192 that would establish groundwater restoration and monitoring requirements at in-situ recoveryin-situ recoveryA process to recover uranium in which fluids are injected into ground water to mobilize the uranium in underground deposits. Extraction wells then collect the groundwater, which is processed at the surface to recover the uranium. facilities.

40 CFR Part 192: Proposed Rulemaking and Background Documents

Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP)

Criteria for the Certification and Recertification of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant’s Compliance with the 40 CFR Part 191 Disposal Regulations (40 CFR 194)

These criteria apply to the certification and recertification of compliance with the radioactive waste disposal standards at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in New Mexico. WIPP is a deep geologic repository operated by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) for permanent disposal of a specific type of waste from the nation's nuclear defense program.

Yucca Mountain

Public Health and Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Yucca Mountain, Nevada (40 CFR Part 197)

These regulations, promulgated in 2008, establish public health and environmental standards for storage and disposal of spent nuclear fuel at the proposed repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission would implement these regulations at Yucca Mountain if a repository were to be established there.

40 CFR Part 197 Resources

Air

The Clean Air Act requires the EPA to regulate airborne emissions of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) from a specific list of industrial sources called "source categories." Standards known as the "National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants" (NESHAPs) dictate specific regulatory limits for source categories that emit radionuclides. 

View compliance software for radiation laws and regulations.

40 CFR Part 61: National Emission Standards For Hazardous Air Pollutants: Subpart

B: Radon Emissions from Underground Uranium Mines

H: Emissions of Radionuclides Other than Radon from Department of Energy Facilities

I: Radionuclide Emissions from Federal Facilities Other than Nuclear Regulatory Commission Licensees and Not Covered by Subpart H

K: Radionuclide Emissions from Elemental Phosphorus Plants

Q: Radon Emissions from Department of Energy Facilities

R: Radon Emissions from Phosphogypsum Stacks

T: Radon Emissions from the Disposal of Uranium Mill Tailings

W: Radon Emissions from Operating Mill Tailings

Drinking Water

Under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), EPA sets legal limits on the levels of certain radionuclides in drinking water.

Radionuclides in Drinking Water

• Atomic Energy Act (AEA)

  1946 - Atomic Energy Act as amended in 1954 (42 USC 2011 et seq.)

  The Atomic Energy Act (AEA) gives EPA authority to establish environmental standards and to issue recommendations on radiation protection to federal and state organizations. This authority was transferred from the former Atomic Energy Commission to EPA in 1970.

  Learn more about the Atomic Energy Act (AEA).

• Clean Air Act (CAA)

  1963 - Clean Air Act as amended in 1970, 1977, 1990 (42 USC 7401 et seq.)

  The CAA is the comprehensive federal law that regulates air emissions from area, stationary and mobile sources. Section 112 provides EPA the authority to list hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) and to develop and enforce emission limits for each of them. Some HAPs are radionuclides.

  Learn more about the Clean Air Act (CAA).

• Clean Water Act (CWA)

  1972 - Federal Water Pollution Control Act amended by the Clean Water Act of '77, '87 (33 USC 1251 et seq.)

  The CWA regulates the discharges of pollutants, including some radionuclides, into the waters of the United States. It authorizes EPA and states to set and enforce quality standards for surface waters. The primary objective of the CWA is to restore and maintain the integrity of the nation's waters.

  Learn more about the Clean Water Act (CWA).

• Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA)

  1980 - Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act as amended, 1986, 1990 (42 USC 9601 et seq.)

  CERCLA (commonly known as Superfund) provides broad federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances, pollutants and contaminants that may endanger public health or the environment. CERCLA applies to radionuclides that are listed as hazardous substances in other environmental laws.

  Learn more about the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA).

  For more information see Superfund.

• Energy Policy Act (EnPA)

  1992 - Energy Policy Act (PL 102-186)

  The EnPA requires EPA to "promulgate standards to ensure protection of public health from high-level radioactive wastes in a deep geologic repository that might be built under Yucca Mountain in Nevada." It directs EPA to issue site-specific public health and safety standards for the proposed Yucca mountain repository.

  Learn more about the Energy Policy Act (EnPA).

• Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Act (LLRWPA)

  1980 - Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Act as amended in 1985 (42 USC 2021b et. seq.)

  The LLRWPA requires each State to be responsible for providing disposal capacity for commercial LLW generated within its borders by January 1, 1986. It encouraged States to form regional compacts to develop new disposal facilities. The LLRWPA applies to the proposed radioactive waste repository at Yucca Mountain.

  Read the full text of the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Act (LLRWPA) (PDF) (543 pp, 3.72 MB, About PDF).

• Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA)

  1972 - Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act as amended in 1977(32 USC 1401 et seq.)

  The MPRSA authorizes EPA to issue permits and regulations for disposing of materials into the territorial waters of the United States. Ocean disposal of low-level waste requires a permit that must be approved by both houses of Congress. MPRSA specifically prohibits ocean disposal of high-level radioactive waste.

  Learn more about the Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA).

• Nuclear Waste Policy Act (NWPA) and Amendments

  1982 - Nuclear Waste Policy Act (42 USC 10101 et seq.)

  The NWPA establishes procedures to evaluate and select sites for deep geologic repositories for the safe storage and/or disposal of radioactive waste. It assigns DOE the responsibility to site, build and operate a deep geologic repository for the disposal of high-level wastes (HLW) and spent nuclear fuel (SNF). It directs EPA to develop standards for protection of the environment from off-site releases of radioactive material in repositories. The NWPA directs the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to license a repository only if it meets EPA's standards and all other relevant requirements.

  Amendments to the NWPA directed DOE to consider Yucca Mountain as the sole site for the first geologic repository for high-level waste (HLW) and spent nuclear fuel (SNF). It also established a commission to study the need and feasibility of a monitored retrievable storage facility.

  Learn more about the Nuclear Waste Policy Act (NWPA) and Amendments.

• Public Health Service Act (PHSA)

  1944 - Public Health Service Act as amended in '57,'58,'60, '76 (42 USC 201 et seq.)

  The amended PHSA provides EPA with the authority to:

  • Collect, analyze, and interpret data on environmental radiation levels.
  • Research the environmental and human health effects of exposure to radiation.
  • Develop protective action guides.
  • Provide training and technical assistance to the states.

  Read the full text of the Public Health Service Act (PHSA) (PDF) (1,585 pp, 3.81 MB, About PDF).

• Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)

  1974 - Safe Drinking Water Act as amended in '86, '96 (43 USC s/s 300f et seq.)

  The SDWA requires EPA to promulgate and enforce primary standards for contaminants in public water systems, including radionuclides. The SDWA also provides EPA with emergency response authority to protect public drinking water supplies.

  Learn more about the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)..

• Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRCA)

  1978 - Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act(42 USC 2022 et seq.)

  UMTRCA amended the AEA by directing EPA to set generally applicable health and environmental standards to govern the stabilization, restoration, disposal, and control of effluents and emissions at both active and inactive mill tailings sites. UMTRCA covers operating uranium processing sites, inactive uranium mill tailing sites, depository sites and vicinity properties.

  Read the full text of the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRCA).

• Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Land Withdrawal Act (LWA)

  1992 - Waste Isolation Pilot Plant Land Withdrawal Act as amended in 1996 (PL 102-579)

  The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Land Withdrawal Act (LWA) sets aside the land for developing and building a transuranic radioactive waste repository. It makes EPA responsible for development of environmental standards at WIPP and for certifying that the facility is complying with them.

  Read the full text of The Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Land Withdrawal Act (PDF) (20 pp, 316 MB, About PDF)