Hydraulic Fracturing Technical Workshop 4 - 15, by George E. King, Apache Corporation.

• A Closed Loop System Using a Brine Reservoir to Replace Fresh Water as the Frac Fluid Source: Minimization of Fresh Water Use: The Use and Reuse of 35000 ppm Brine from a Dedicated Deep Reservoir as a Fracture Fluid For Shale, March 29/30, 2011 (PDF)(25 pp, 2 MB)